Neomycin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic and calcium channel protein inhibitor. Neomycin sulfate also binds to prokaryotic ribosomes inhibiting translation and is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Neomycin sulfate inhibits PLC (Phospholipase C) via binding to inositol phospholipids. It also inhibits phosphatidylcholine-PLD activity and induces Ca2+ mobilization and PLA2 activation in human platelets. Neomycin sulfate inhibits DNase I induced DNA degradation. It is used to prevent or treat skin infections caused by bacteria. It is not effective against fungal or viral infections.

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Neomycin Sulfate is a broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic primarily used for its potent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria. In the pharmaceutical industry, its most common application is in topical formulations, including ointments, creams, and eye drops, to treat skin infections, wounds, and ocular inflammations. Due to its poor absorption in the digestive tract, it is also administered orally as an intestinal antiseptic to suppress bacterial flora before abdominal surgery or to manage hepatic encephalopathy. Furthermore, it is widely utilized in veterinary medicine to treat gastrointestinal infections in livestock and as a selective agent in molecular biology research to prevent microbial contamination in cell cultures.